arbitrators, one each nominated by the two parties while the president is mutually agreed upon. We demonstrate that the kind of … involvement of these arbitrators in previous ISDS cases matters for the case under dispute. Specifically, we show that what we … label the president's pro-investor bias - the number of times they have previously been nominated by an investor minus the …

systems of national corporate law (and other international law). ISDS arbitrators have consistently found that shareholders …

arbitrators or in secondary literature. The findings clearly supported initial expectations of systemic bias arising from unique …This article reports on a study of potential systemic bias in the resolution of ambiguous legal issues by investment … treaty arbitrators. It outlines tentative but significant findings that the arbitrators in general tended to favour (a …