and earn less in election years. Next, we observed that the political pressure is prevalent only in the countries with …

-owned banks lend more and earn less in election years in developing countries. Second, we find that political pressure is more …

electoral cycle in the run-up to 221 elections across 58 countries from 2000 through 2014. Policies restricting mortgages and … consumer credit are systematically less likely to be tightened before elections during credit booms and economic expansions …. Consistent with theories of opportunistic political cycles, this pattern is stronger when election outcomes are uncertain or in …

The possibility of creating a state bank has received much recent attention in the United States. In 2021, six states … introduced legislation to create a state bank; in 2019, similar legislation was enacted in California for municipal banks. This … to traditional private banking and identifies five questions determining the advisability of creating a state bank. The …

This paper builds a new dataset on bank ownership and reassesses the links between state-ownership of banks and each of … financial development, economic growth, financial stability, bank performance, liquidity creation, and lending cyclicality …-ownership but that there is no evidence that high state-ownership predicts banking crises. Focusing on bank performance, the paper …

predictable electoral cycle in the run-up to 221 elections across 58 countries from 2000 through 2014. Policies restricting … mortgages and consumer credit are systematically looser before elections, particularly during expansions in credit and house … prices. Consistent with theories of opportunistic political cycles, this pattern is stronger when election outcomes are …

electoral cycle in the run-up to 221 elections across 58 countries from 2000 through 2014. Policies restricting mortgages and … consumer credit are systematically less likely to be tightened before elections during credit booms and economic expansions …. Consistent with theories of opportunistic political cycles, this pattern is stronger when election outcomes are uncertain or in …