This paper tests the integration property of US natural gas consumption at the sector level and finds a heterogenous behavior. Residential, commercial, and power consumption are stationary. However, even after allowing for endogenous structural breaks, tests fail to reject unit-root in the...

In an open economy, the foreign exchange rate (FER) influences incentives for the cross-border shopping of gasoline as well as the opportunity cost of using vehicles and the relative attractiveness of home versus foreign travel. Using monthly regional-level data of gasoline consumption in Iran,...

Should oil-rich countries aggressively move toward downstream and invest in the oil refinery industry? This is a crucial energy policy question for such economies. We offer theoretical models for a vertical integration strategy (i.e. downstream investment) within an oil-producing economy. The...

We exploit three major transport fuel (gasoline and diesel) subsidy reforms in Iran, as quasi-experiments, to investigate the impact of permanent upward price changes on the responsiveness of fuel consumption. We employ monthly regional-level data of fuel consumption in Iran and also explicitly...

We investigate whether virtual water trade may alleviate the initial unequal distribution of hydric resources. On average, countries that are relatively abundant (with respect to capital) in the combined availability of water and arable land are, in absolute terms, scarce in capital and rich in...

This paper analyzes existing experiences with Islamic financing of energy projects. We argue that Islamic finance provides an additional channel to attract financial resources to improve energy efficiency, access to energy, and a sustainable energy supply. Major forms of Islamic finance methods...