This paper examines peer effects in adolescent cannabis use from several different reference groups, exploiting survey data that have many desirable properties and have not previously been used for this purpose. Treating the school grade as the reference group, and using both neighbourhood fixed...

Each year, the average age of new smokers decreases in Indonesia, and at least one student in the classroom is a smoker. However, previous literature on adolescent smoking that focused on emotion and peer relationship remains largely underexplored. This study aimed to examine the effects of the...