This article identifies the complex issues associated with the unconsidered use of total shareholder return (TSR) as a metric to represent the gains (or otherwise) in shareholder wealth and in contexts such as long-term incentive compensation and proxy voting by shareholders (including “say on...

The information ratio is used to assess the risk-adjusted performance of active portfolio managers. This performance metric focuses on the active portfolio only and neglects a risky benchmark component. In this paper, we consider the question whether the information ratio can be used to evaluate...

Key performance ratios indicate the underlying level of performance and health of the enterprise. Therefore, understanding the components of the final accounts and their performance ratios is important because of the crucial nature of ROE. Even though PRA represents one of the best ways to...

Measuring innovation is a challenging but essential task to improve business performance. To tackle this task, key performance indicators (KPIs) can be used to measure and monitor innovation. The objective of this study is to explore how KPIs, designed for measuring innovation, are used in...