, employment, and criminal justice outcomes. The results highlight the importance of school leadership, though striking differences … the criminal justice system are much larger for Black than for nonBlack males, corresponding to race differences in … engagement with the criminal justice system …

. Our results demonstrate that the death of a co-offender significantly reduces the criminal activities of other network …, we find that the death of a more central co-offender leads to a larger reduction in aggregate crime. We also provide … criminal behavior. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding spillover effects for policymakers seeking to develop …