We move forward in identifying the causes of the marked and systematic reduction in the homicide rate in São Paulo …

environment. Using geocoded crime data and a novel source of within-city spatial and temporal variation in punishment severity, I … consistent with police treating enforcement effort and punishment severity as complementary. I also find that citywide crime and …

Do reductions in arrests increase crime? We study line-of-duty deaths of police officers, events that likely impact … contrast, we find no evidence of an increase in crime or a change in victim reporting through 911 calls. There is also no … apparent threshold of arrest decline beyond which crime increases. Our findings suggest that enforcement activity can be …