, volatility, and spikes. While price trends are important in the long term, volatility and spikes are more important in the short … correlations among themselves. A rising medium-term price trend has triggered extreme short-term price spikes and increased … volatility. An assessment of the costs of price volatility has shown that the existing literature follows a conventional marginal …

For individual countries, variable trade barriers can be used to reduce the volatility of domestic relative to world … prices. If this is done by countries accounting for a large share of the market, its effect is offset by increases in world … price volatility. This study shows the nature of the resulting collective action problem, with the policy being ineffective …

pesticides are generally more stringent than under autarky. As a result, trade increases the price volatility of crops produced …