There are two main types of protection costs, "natural costs", such as transportation costs, and imposed costs, such as … tariffs and embargoes. Imposed costs have been used for a variety of reasons including raising state revenue and protecting … domestic producers. Reducing "natural" protection costs positively impacts on development by lowering the cost of both imports …

This paper estimates the costs of EU restraints on trade in textiles and clothing. After explaining the methods used … consumption of T&C products; secondly, a general equilibrium analysis incorporates the wide-sweeping indirect costs of ATC within …