The dynamic development of the digitized society generates large-scale information data flows. Therefore, data need to be compressed in a way allowing its content to remain complete and informative. In order for the above to be achieved, it is advisable to use the principal component method...

Persistence is the speed with which a time series returns to its mean after a shock. Although several measures of persistence have been proposed in the literature, when they are empirically applied, the different measures indicate incompatible messages, as they differ both in the level and the...