Approximately 60% of IPO issuers adjust primary share over the registration period and 15% adjust secondary shares. I find that first day returns are significantly positive related to primary share adjustments and insignificantly related to secondary share adjustments. These relations are...

This study investigates whether IPO firms inflate “core” earnings through classification shifting (i.e., misclassifying core expenses as income-decreasing special items) immediately prior to IPOs. We provide initial evidence that IPO firms engage in classification shifting in the pre-IPO...