especially important due to recent international sanctions, aiming to change the political behavior of Iran. We use the impulse … education expenditures in short term. If sanctions are successful to change the political behavior of Iran in short run (Dizaji … development of government spending in major sections shapes the political institutions in Iran. This question has become …

revenues and 90% of export revenues originate from oil and gas resources. Current international sanctions on Iran have mainly …Oil revenues play an important role in the political economy of Iran. On average, 60% of the Iranian government … targeted the oil production capacity of Iran and its exports to the global markets. In this study, we analyze the dynamic …

-level dataset is used from Iranian-listed manufacturing companies. This study employs the imposition of international sanctions … against Iran in 2012 as an exogenous shock to identify the effect of financial constraints. According to the results … sanctions. In addition, this relationship is affected by the degree of export-orientation of firms, and only exporter firms that …

carbon emissions. This study investigates the impact of sanctions on Iran's energy efficiency across different industrial sub …-sectors from 2015 to 2019. We compute a sanctions index for each industrial sub-sector by using Principal Component Analysis (PCA …). This index measures how much each sub-sector has been affected by sanctions. Additionally, energy efficiency is measured …