the gravity model find distance effects to be increasing rather than decreasing. We investigate countries' openness to …

, openness impacts on industrial structure and there are potential gains from procurement coordination between producer countries. …

prices, productivity levels and markups as functions of openness to trade at a sectoral level. The theory lends itself … naturally to a difference in differences estimation, with international differences in trade openness at the sector level … domestic and foreign openness on each economy. Using disaggregated data for EU manufacturing over the period 1989-1999 we find …

size, openness and economic growth. In fact, more trade openness increases government size, which lays stabilizer role … openness from other side, where as per capita expenditure on public goods is lower, and large markets enjoy more productivity … and less incentives for large market to increase openness than the small markets. Finally, economic growth and government …

This paper revisits the relationship between international trade and economic growth. We measure trade openness indices … output and global input output tables to construct the measures of trade openness, our empirical analysis covering 21 … countries, 30 industries and 15 years reveals that trade openness in terms of intermediate and capital goods lead to economic …

generated patents. I show that cultural diversity and openness of a place affect its economic performance positively in terms of …