Using various methods (currency demand, physical input (electricity) measure, model approach), which are discussed and criticized, estimates about the size of 67 developing, transition and OECD countries are presented. The average size of the shadow economy (in % of GDP) over 1989-93 in...

Private Haushalte sind angesichts der drohenden Gasmangellage aufgerufen, ihren Gas- und Energiekonsum zu reduzieren. Die moralischen Appelle der Regierenden bergen die Gefahr, dass Menschen mit Reaktanz statt mit der gewünschten Verhaltensänderung reagieren. Statt zu sparen, versuchen sie den...

Climate protection is one of the greatest challenges society and economy are currently facing. In addition to policy (Macro level) and individual consumers (Micro level) also companies (Meso level) are confronted with increasing pressure to act more ecologically sustainable. Besides ecological...