This paper examines the effects of a major change in German parental transfer system on fertility. I use the largely …-order fertility. Given the recent introduction, this paper evaluates short-run responses by using data from the German Microcensus …-run fertility responses are less pronounced and vary with potential earnings. The heterogeneity is in line with the structure of …

We study the fertility effects of the 1997 Quebec Family Policy, which introduced universal childcare and … fertility at the intensive margin but had varying impacts by life stage. For younger cohorts of women early in their careers and …