Why are the poor susceptible to clientelism, and what factors shield them from the influence of vote buying? We explore … channelled through informal networks. To test our theory, we build the informal, family-based network linkages between voters and …

'contract clientelism', or the provision of public contracts to private firms in exchange for campaign donations. Using …

suggest that while civil service reforms might weaken the bureaucratic clientelism, the pre-existing patronclient relations …

This article investigates the patronage phenomenon in the italian, so called, Second Republic. In particular, the …, where the interests of political parties and districts may diverge, the formers would need patronage resource to assure … parliamentarians' loyalty does play a role in patronage appointments as well as the electoral result in the next electoral competition. …

hires are relatively more qualified. Our results suggest a potential upside to patronage as campaign connections create new …