determinant of these practices. By reducing inequality, redistributive policies may therefore undermine clientelism. However, by …-lasting clientelist system characterized by political brokers, patronage and targeted benefits. Within this system, the Christian …

Offering employment in the public sector in exchange for electoral support (patronage politics) and vote-buying are … levels of employees in the private sector, and, thereby, the costs and effectiveness of vote-buying and patronage. We show … that when the politician can use both clientelistic instruments simultaneously, his opportunity cost for clientelism in …