Carbon emissions, per capita carbon emissions, and carbon emissions per unit GDP are traditionally used as indicators of the real carbon emission of a region. However, input variables such as capital and labor and influential factors such as the industrial structure and regional differences are...

Chinese pharmaceutical market value is about USD 110 billion in 2009, and it has become the world’s second largest market. Chinese pharmaceutical firms are becoming a growing player in global pharmaceutical chains. In this paper, sample firms are selected and surveyed with a focus on...

Recently spectral perturbations, involving eigenvalue and eigenvector perturbations, which have attracted more attentions than conventional topological perturbations, are used to analyze and promote the robustness of complex networks. However, to the best of our knowledge, the study of...

Using the staggered adoption of anti-re-characterization laws (ARL) as an exogenous shock to creditor rights, we study the causal effects of creditor rights on borrowers' accounting conservatism. ARL precludes the re-characterization of securitized assets which otherwise can be re-characterized...