increasingly intertwined container flows. However, concession agreements and market conditions often also pressure terminals to … compete. This paper aims to help understand how pressures for competition and cooperation conflict, what problems this causes …, what drives these tensions, and how these can be resolved. The drivers of port competitiveness are generally conceptualized …

Background: To improve port productivity, safety, and sustainability, the use of information and communication … technology is being promoted as a smart port. The utilization of a terminal operation system (TOS) is important for advanced port … port management system in Japan. Results: Japanese TOSs are characterized by a lack of automated functions, such as ship …