"This paper outlines a new minimum empirical discrepancy (MD) estimator for missing data, sample combination and related problems: inverse probability tilting (IPT). Covered examples include estimation of the average treatment effect (ATE), the average treatment effect on the treated (ATT) and...

We analyze the properties of the Synthetic Control (SC) and related estimators when the pre‐treatment fit is imperfect. In this framework, we show that these estimators are generally biased if treatment assignment is correlated with unobserved confounders, even when the number of...