There is no dearth of literature inquiring into the reasons for failure of strategic projects—major organization change efforts involving significant, irreversible commitment of resources. However, researchers have failed to go beyond blaming company managers, for example by observing that...

Cognitive considerations arising from the functions of the Chief Executive Officer appear to have been ignored in strategy research. Taking a cue from Freeman’s stakeholder theory, I discuss the constituencies addressed by the CEO in performing his/her job function. I present a set of...