The complexity of value-based management (VBM) is often not captured in empirical research. In particular, potential differences in the extent of VBM implementation are not considered. Firms are predominantly classified dichotomously into either VBM “adopters” or “non-adopters.” In this...

While the performance effect of value-based management (VBM) has been debated in practice and academia, recent research suggests that little is known about contingency factors influencing this effect. In this study, we contribute to the understanding of contingencies that could explain...

This paper contributes to the field of environmental management control systems (EMCSs). We approach EMCSs from an economic perspective and theorize internal and external contingency factors that drive both the economic performance and the decision to implement an EMCS. We argue that the level...