This study measures the degree of dollarization in North Korea using results from a survey of 231 North Korean refugees. Specifically, we compare foreign currency use of households as both store-of-value substitutes (i.e., asset substitution) and transaction substitutes (i.e., currency...

"North Korea's anthracite export to China, which represents more than 40% of its total exports, is experiencing fall outs from a downturn in export unit prices, China's dwindling steel industry, the Chinese government's restructuring plans for the steel industry, and strengthened environmental...