The objective of the present research is to assess how and to what extent government-to-person (G2P) digital welfare, and business-to-person (B2P) electronic payroll practices, affect formal financial inclusion outcomes in the global open economy. To this end, the paper relies on the...

Financial inclusion and digital payment use remain low in Peru. There is extensive literature on the determinants of deposit account access as a measure of financial inclusion, but few studies focus on digital payment use, and none addresses the Peru case at the micro level. This paper uses data...

We examine how the development of the digital infrastructure known as the 'India Stack'-including an interoperable payments system, a universal digital ID, and other features-is delivering on the government's objective to expand the provision of financial services. While each individual...