Carbon taxes and fossil fuel subsidy reforms have been recognized as an efficient means to mobilize substantive domestic resources for sustainable development. Yet, despite their advantages compared to other taxes, concerns about potential adverse impacts on poverty and inequality have...

This paper presents valuation models of emission allowance options under an emission trading scheme, operating in an open trading phase, where unused allowances are banked to subsequent phases without any limit. Empirical studies are carried out to show that allowance option prices exhibit...