Under perfect competition on the output market, first best technology subsidies in the presence of learning by doing … thus depending directly on the learning effects and are, if applicable, positive. Considering electricity markets, a … setting of imperfect competition is more appropriate. We show that the second best output subsidy for learning by doing in …

. Given the progressive nature of renewable technology innovation, a so-called learning curve approach is utilized to … represent the relationship between cost reduction and performance improvement of technology. A scenario-based study framework is … because of its continuous technology cost reduction. …

This paper assesses biofuels technology readiness and provides foresight to biofuels development in Southern Africa …