second child. Next, I show that the increase in family size caused by this relaxation in the One Child Policy increased …

emergence of differentials in abilities between children of advantaged families and children of disadvantaged families, (c) the … discussed. -- productivity ; high school dropout ; ability gaps ; family influence ; noncognitive skills ; early interventions …

in East Germany, the disadvantage for later born children increased. The result for East Germany is surprising because …, during the period of the analysis, the care and education of preschool children was more and more shifted from parents to … state run institutions, where the treatment of children should have been independent of birth order. -- birth order …

Past estimates of the effect of family income on child development have often been plagued by endogeneity and … measurement error. In this paper, we use an instrumental variables strategy to estimate the causal effect of income on children … (EITC) over the last two decades. The largest of these changes increased family income by as much as 20%, or approximately …