Past estimates of the effect of family income on child development have often been plagued by endogeneity and … measurement error. In this paper, we use an instrumental variables strategy to estimate the causal effect of income on children … (EITC) over the last two decades. The largest of these changes increased family income by as much as 20%, or approximately …

stringent disciplinary environments in response to their earlier-born children's poor performance in school in order to deter … such outcomes for their later-born offspring. We provide robust empirical evidence that school performance of children in … later-born children. Taken together, these patterns are consistent with a reputation model of strategic parenting …

stringent disciplinary environments in response to their earlier-born children's poor performance in school in order to deter … such outcomes for their later-born offspring. We provide robust empirical evidence that school performance of children in … later-born children. Taken together, these patterns are consistent with a reputation model of strategic parenting …