between robot imports and employment, exogenous changes in automation lead to job losses. We also find that robot imports …. Compared to other firms operating in the same 5-digit sector, robot importers are larger, more productive, and employ a higher … share of managers and engineers. Over time, robot import occurs after periods of expansion in firm size, and is followed by …

The interplay between labour institutions and the adoption of automation technologies remains poorly understood … conditional correlations between the presence of employee representation (ER) and the use of automation technologies. We find that … ER is positively associated with robot usage. The presence of ER also correlates with the utilization of software …