Political violence is a worldwide problem that has been on the rise over the past decade. The international dimension … of domestic repression and dissent is a particularly relevant factor yet surprisingly understudied. In particular … substitute visible forms of unrest (riots) for more covert operations on soft targets (civilian-targeted violence). This pattern …

experienced cycles of violence between the 1960s and 1980s. Can such violence be explained by legacies of mobilization during … fascism? We study whether and how the Italian fascist experience of the 1920s affected political violence during the 1970s and … regime-predicts neofascist political violence at the provincial level more than 40 years later. New windows of opportunity …