access only to friendly media outlets and denying access to critical ones. While an incumbent prefers positive bias, granting … access improves her re-election probability only if coverage is sufficiently credible in the eyes of the public. Information … gatekeeping can induce a quid pro quo relationship: media provides coverage with positive bias in exchange of future access …

corruption. This paper analyzes new data showing that propaganda influenced election outcomes by weakening biracial political … twentieth century. Specifically, I find evidence that insinuations of public corruption motivated voters to the polls and split … large changes in exposure to propaganda were needed to influence election outcomes when voters were routinely exposed to …