in a given sector is affected by past reductions in applied tariffs. Employing an identification strategy based on 'new … measures', we find evidence of a substitution of non-tariff measures for tariffs both in the sample of TBT and in the sample of …. These results are consistent with our theoretical model, which predicts policy substitution between tariffs and standards in …

-level impact of tariffs on import prices. Findings suggest no pass-through effect from changes in tariffs but our quantity analysis …-favoured-nation tariffs. The findings emphasize the importance of varieties, defined as firm-origin combination, in import price analyses. We …Using highly disaggregated customs-transaction-level data, we study the importer price effects of tariffs in the …

During the U.S.-China trade war, the U.S. punitive tariffs were almost entirely borne by U.S. importers. In contrast …, only 68% of China's retaliatory tariffs were paid by Chinese importers. The puzzling difference between the U.S. and China … is mainly driven by their different import structures and product heterogeneity in tariff pass-through. China mainly …

of a Linear Almost Ideal Demand System introduce the price of import competing goods as a proxy for the average tariff in … tariffs. …

appear to have been insignificant. At the same time the change in tariffs appears to have created some trade diversion, with … a significantly negative impact on imports from China in particular and a significantly positive impact on imports from … liberalization of services sectors and market access within the economic union. -- Customs Union ; Imports ; Exports ; Tariffs …