Alternative approaches to estimating the effects of nontariff measures (NTMs) on trade flows are discussed and … of ‘core’ NTMs are more restrictive than existing tariffs and, because of export composition towards agricultural … products, in the aggregate, these ‘core’ NTMs limit market access most for low-income countries; (ii) Proxies for individual …

reviews the state of understanding on the effects of NTMs on trade flows. The more difficult issue of translating these … effects into welfare implications are covered next. The paper concludes with different approaches at reducing NTMs. …