market power appears to be constrained by competition and largely determined by demand side factors. Finally, we find that …

emphasized for this purpose is the restructuring of the rail sectors of member countries through the creation of competition for … degree to which increased rail competition has been associated with increases in rail's modal share, and more broadly to … shortages in infrastructure capacity than to a lack of competition among TOC's. This suggests that other "models" of railway …

The intercity bus market in Germany was deregulated in 2013. As a consequence, there is now a dense network of … intercity bus lines. For the first time, the German state-owned railway company Deutsche Bahn AG faces intermodal competition in …