Augmenting consumer welfare was a key justification behind the reform of utilities from the 1980s. But three decades later, evidence is mounting that consumer satisfaction with household utilities is quite uneven. Moreover; governments, regulators, and international organizations are...

This article analyses the development of the European Union (EU) project of a Charter for Services of General Interest (SGI) from the mid-1990s to the publication of the White Paper on Services of General Interest and the draft European Constitution in 2004. Though service charters are often...

The COVID-19 pandemic represents Europe’s worst humanitarian and economic crisis since the Second World War. However, initial responses by European Union (EU) institutions to the pandemic in general – and the European Investment Bank (EIB) in particular – were limited: national governments...