Immigrants can initially face significant difficulties integrating into the economy of the host country, due to …

earnings. While it is still ambiguous whether mainly low-skilled immigrants benefit, or whether employment probabilities are …Immigrants are typically not evenly distributed within host countries; instead they tend to cluster in particular … neighborhoods. But does clustering in ethnic enclaves help explain the persistent differences in employment rates and earnings …

The impact of living in an ethnic enclave on earnings growth of immigrants in Canada is examined using the 1981 …-2001 Censuses. Consistent with U.S. findings, enclaves are found to have a negative impact on the earnings growth of male immigrants …. A negative impact is also found for female immigrants. Living in an enclave was found to be particularly harmful for …