We offer evidence of a new stylized feature of corporate financing decisions: the tendency of managers to rely more on debt financing when earnings prospects are poor. We term this 'leaning against the wind' and consider three possible explanations: market timing, precautionary financing, and...

In this paper we present empirical tests of an extended version of the Capital Asset Pricing Model that replaces the single period horizon with a probability distribution over different horizons. Adopting a simple parameterization of the probability distribution of the length of the horizon, we...

We develop a measure of investor disagreement about the probability distribution of future returns on the market portfolio. The measure, which depends on the distribution across strike prices of open interest in index options, is derived by inverting the optimal portfolio decision of an investor...