The paper documents employment and wage gaps, which arise between mothers and childless women, for a set of 28 European … gap in employment. The impact of the leaves depends, however, on childcare availability: long maternity leaves combined … with high childcare coverage lead to greater employment gap than when the coverage is low. The results do not prove that …

, the employment of mothers, and especially mothers with young children, is lower. This paper proposes a four …-fold classification scheme based on the type of "penalty" that women experience in the labor market as mothers. It then links each penalty …How does the structure of a country's childcare market influence maternal employment? Childcare markets vary across …