This paper examines the functioning of virtual currencies as payment systems through crypto-currency exchanges and the likely impact their integration with traditional payment systems may have on the interdependent global payment systems. Being a potential global transformational phenomenon,...

Digital cash may be issued privately (so as to be called "virtual currency") or by a central bank. It may be a cryptocurrency, randomised or tethered. Its scheme may be centralized or decentralised and its value may be self-anchored or of a specified fiat currency. By facilitating electronic...

Chapter 1.Introduction: Money, Finance, & Production in Contemporary Commercial Republics -- Chapter 2.Money, Capital, & Investment: Fixing Some Critical Terms & Relations -- Chapter 3.Franchise Finance: A Brief Exposition & Exposé -- Chapter 4.Franchise Finance: Why & How We Got Here --...