“hotspots” (Westchester County, NY, in the U.S. and Lodi province in Italy) generally have more confirmed COVID-19 cases as of …

Austria, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Swe­den, Switzerland and the UK. We exploit within-country variation in social … capita from mid-March until mid-May. Using Italy as a case study, we find that high-social-capital areas exhibit lower excess …

, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and the UK. Exploiting within-country variation, we show that a one …-March until mid-May. Using Italy as a case study, we find that high-social-capital areas exhibit lower excess mortality and a …