the Muslim dominant markets around the world through the consumer animosity perspective, to provide better understanding … discussed. Design/methodology/approach – The analytical definition of consumer boycotts through the consumer animosity … intentionality attributions with animosity and consumer boycotts are assessed before strategies to deal with the issues are diagnosed …

This paper explores the relationship between flexibility in spatial governance partnerships and their legitimacy. While … partnerships have become increasingly prevalent, questions have been raised about their accountability or ‘input’ legitimacy …. However, recent research highlights how multiple norms of legitimacy exist and how flexible delivery of aspired outcomes may …