This paper models misreporting fraud in the VAT when firms are heterogeneous in the level of unverifiable transactions and subjective evasion costs. Unverifiable transactions are determined by the level of sales to final consumers and the subjective evasion costs change the curvature of the cost...

We use monthly and daily transaction data from Iran, disaggregated by provinces, good and service categories, and retail store segments to gauge the impact of government emergency loans on consumption patterns. We find that emergency loans are positively related with higher consumption of...