retaliate by increasing their tariffs on imports from the United States. Using a new quarterly dataset on bilateral trade for 99 …

of the bilateral tariffs and non-tariff barriers put in place by the previous administration. Moreover, incentives to … than a vice versa. Indeed, our model indicates that the supply-side reconfiguration to avoid US tariffs accounted for more …

Are retaliatiory tariffs politically targeted and, if so, are they effective? Do countries designing a retaliation …