's criminal justice system, offering new insights into how incarceration affects subsequent crime and employment. We construct a …. Exploring factors that may explain the preventive effect of incarceration, we find the decline in crime is driven by individuals …Understanding whether, and in what situations, time spent in prison is criminogenic or preventive has proven …

's criminal justice system, offering new insights into how incarceration affects subsequent crime and employment. We construct a …. Exploring factors that may explain the preventive effect of incarceration, we find the decline in crime is driven by individuals …Understanding whether, and in what situations, time spent in prison is criminogenic or preventive has proven …

's criminal justice system, offering new insights into how incarceration affects subsequent crime and employment. We construct a …. Exploring factors that may explain the preventive effect of incarceration, we find the decline in crime is driven by individuals …Understanding whether, and in what situations, time spent in prison is criminogenic or preventive has proven …

), likely contributes to the rise and persistence of mass incarceration in the United States. The article relies on varied … converging sources of data. First, the article examines international data, comparing degrees of PDD to incarceration rates in a … incarceration rates. Third, the article examines intrastate data, concluding that city councils in racially-diverse localities have …

to changes in an individual's own criminal and arrest history. Young males who engage in crime but are not arrested … to engage in crime during subsequent periods. Following an arrest, individuals commit less crime, consistent with …

behavior. Then, the model is shown to be consistent with the data. Young males who engage in crime but are not arrested revise … significantly more likely to engage in crime during subsequent periods. Perceived probabilities of arrest appear to be idiosyncratic … engaged in crime are lower than those of non-criminals. Despite substantial heterogeneity in the perceived probability of …