Since the reform and opening up in 1978, China has begun a period of rapid industrialization and urbanization. Along … parents left behind in the rural area. The impact of migration of the adult children on the health of their left … health care and nutrition; on the other hand, the migration necessarily reduces the amount of time the children have to take …

inequality. This study addresses the issue of measurement error in inequality by using the relationship between migration and … inequality. Using rainfall shocks and changes in transport costs as exogenous sources of out-migration from rural areas in Brazil … between 1980 and 2000, the study shows how migration from rural areas affects income inequality in urban areas. It finds that …

and outside province. In addition, moving beyond one's home province has a strong deterrent effect on migration, analogous … to the "border effect" identified in international migration studies. We also explore the role of culture, institutional …