Using a sample of modern international cartels, we analyze the level and determinants of cartel sanctions imposed on … gains from collusive conduct outweigh its costs represented by cartel sanctions. While the average (median) overcharge … of affected commerce. When compensations recovered by private parties are taken into account, the average cartel sanction …

the structural conditions and price effects of the global vitamins conspiracy and analyzes the deterrence power of world …. Penalties in the EU were a small percentage of European overcharges, and penalties in the rest of the world were negligible. On …

structural conditions and price effects of the global vitamins conspiracy and analyzes the deterrence power of world …. Penalties in the EU were a small percentage of European overcharges, and penalties in the rest of the world were negligible. On …

, particularly for emails. The courts have responded with various sanctions. A recent survey of reported federal cases shows that the … most prevalent sanction for spoliation is the adverse inference instruction in which the jury is directed that it may infer … been, however, because the evidence has been destroyed. Other sanctions for spoliation include dismissal, default judgment …

User sanctions influence the legal risk for participants in illegal drug markets. A change in user sanctions may change … recent changes in user sanctions for marijuana on marijuana prices. The results suggest that lower legal risks for users are …

The geopolitical rivalry between the US and China may spill over to Europe via extraterritorial sanctions. The US … extraterritorial sanctions, seen as a tool to limit Iran’s sponsorship of international terrorism, became more attractive as the US … became a energy exporter. Countermeasures against extraterritorial sanctions exist but proved largely ineffective in the past …

This article examines international economic sanctions through the lens of just war principles. It argues that the laws … of just war impose significant limits on the use of indiscriminate economic sanctions as a tool of international coercion …. While there are legitimate times to use economic sanctions, including self-defense and furthering humanitarian goals, just …