"The rise of the market for private-label brands (PB) has elevated the profits of corporate retailers but has not significantly affected, or in some cases reduced, those of subcontracting manufacturers. This is not only due to the significant cannibalization effect on national brands (NB) caused...

Historically consolidated as the centre of the Brazilian industrialization process, the State of São Paulo, and particularly its metropolitan homonymous region, observed a relative loss of participation in the industrial product from the 1970s. Factors such as the diseconomies of agglomeration...