In most societies, a small number of people commit the most serious violence. Short-term studies have shown that … violence, especially when policymakers are searching for alternatives to aggressive policing and incarceration …

Alongside negative feedback loops between violence and development, several studies find a positive and significant … identifies with relative to the out-group. The current study assesses whether these findings extend to victims of crime in urban … strategy is to experimentally manipulate the recall of violence, either through a direct question or through a monetary loss in …

-enforcement efforts focus on capturing the leaders of the criminal organization, on community violence in the context of Mexico's drug war …This study considers the effects of the kingpin strategy, an approach to fighting organized crime in which law … that are accompanied by escalations in violence …