impact of trend inflation on price flexibility, and the relationship between announcement and implementation effects. This is … zero-inflation steady state. We show that a suitable calibration of the model has similar effects on macroeconomic … variables as standard versions of the menu cost model. It replicates the effect of trend inflation on the impulse response to …

Price inflation in the euro area has been stable and low since the Global Financial Crisis, despite notable changes in … output and unemployment. We show that an increasing share of high markup firms is part of the explanation of why inflation … countries and, by linking these markup developments to the evolution of sectoral level producer and consumer price inflation, we …