Turning points in commodity returns are important for decisions of policy makers, commodity producers and consumers reliant on medium term outcomes. However, forecasting of turning points has been a neglected feature of forecasting, especially in commodity markets. I forecast turning points in...

This paper examines the costs borne by financial institutions, merchants, and consumers in making, facilitating and accepting consumer-to-business payments. It examines the resource costs incurred by these sectors, how these have changed since 2006, and how fees and other transfers determine...